ICES Database ElectroMagnetic Field Literature Search Engine |
 |
| |
| Home |
| View EMF Studies (Static,ELF) 0-300 Hz |
| View EMF Studies (Intermediate) 300 Hz-300 KHz |
| View EMF Studies (RF/mmW/THz) 300 kHz-300 GHz |
| Advanced Search |
| Citation List (Author Search) |
(Database last updated on Mar 27, 2024)
| ID Number | 2772 | |
| Study Type | Engineering & Physics | |
| Model | Systematic Derivation of Safety Limits for Time-Varying 5G Radiofrequency Exposure Based on Analytical Models and Thermal Dose. | |
| Details | AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Neufeld and Kuster, 2018 (IEEE (6969): Extreme broadband wireless devices operating above 10 GHz may transmit data in bursts of a few milliseconds to seconds. Even though the time- and area-averaged power density values remain within the acceptable safety limits for continuous exposure, these bursts may lead to short temperature spikes in the skin of exposed people. In this paper, a novel analytical approach to pulsed heating is developed and applied to assess the peak-to-average temperature ratio as a function of the pulse fraction ± (relative to the averaging time [INCREMENT]T; it corresponds to the inverse of the peak-to-average ratio). This has been analyzed for two different perfusion-related thermal time constants (Ä 1 = 100 s and 500 s) corresponding to plane-wave and localized exposures. To allow for peak temperatures that considerably exceed the 1 K increase, the CEM43 tissue damage model, with an experimental-data-based damage threshold for human skin of 600 min, is used to allow large temperature oscillations that remain below the level at which tissue damage occurs. To stay consistent with the current safety guidelines, safety factors of 10 for occupational exposure and 50 for the general public were applied. The model assumptions and limitations (e.g., employed thermal and tissue damage models, homogeneous skin, consideration of localized exposure by a modified time constant) are discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that the maximum averaging time, based on the assumption of a thermal time constant of 100 s, is 240 s if the maximum local temperature increase for continuous-wave exposure is limited to 1 K and ± e 0.1. For a very low peak-to-average ratio of 100 (± e 0.01), it decreases to only 30 s. The results also show that the peak-to-average ratio of 1,000 tolerated by the International Council on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines may lead to permanent tissue damage after even short exposures, highlighting the importance of revisiting existing exposure guidelines. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Christ et al. 2018 (IEEE #7026): This study assesses the maximum temperature increase induced by exposure to electromagnetic fields between 6 GHz and 100 GHz using a stratified model of the skin with four or five layers under plane wave incidence and adiabatic thermal boundary conditions. The skin model distinguishes the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis as the outermost layers of the skin. The analysis identifies the tissue layer structures that minimize reflection and maximize the temperature increase induced by the electromagnetic field. The maximum observed temperature increase is 0.4°C for exposure at the present power density limit for the general population of 10 W/m2. This result is more than twice as high as the findings reported in a previous study. The reasons for this difference are identified as impedance matching effects in the stratum corneum and less conservative thermal parameters. Modeling the skin as homogeneous dermis tissue can underestimate the induced temperature increase by more than a factor of three. |
|
| Findings | Effects | |
| Status | Completed With Publication | |
| Principal Investigator | ETH, IT'TS, Zurich, Switzerland - kuster@itis.ethz.ch | |
| Funding Agency | ????? | |
| Country | SWITZERLAND | |
| References |
|
|
| Comments |