ID Number		2404
Study Type		Human / Provocation
Model		Saliva was collected from mobile phone users and analyzed for molecular changes linked to cellular stress and inflammatory cytokine profile.
Details		AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: de Souza et al. 2014 (IEEE #5722) [See IEEE #5721]: Background: The association between cell phone use and the development of parotid tumors is controversial. Because there is unequivocal evidence that the microenvironment is important for tumor formation, we investigated in the parotid glands whether cell phone use alters the expression of gene products related to cellular stress. Methods: We used the saliva produced by the parotid glands of 62 individuals to assess molecular alterations compatible with cellular stress, comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to the saliva from the opposite, unexposed parotid gland (contralateral) of each individual. We compared salivary flow, total protein concentration, p53, p21, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and salivary levels of glutathione (GSH), heat shock proteins 27 and 70, and IgA between the ipsilateral and contralateral parotids. Results: No difference was found for any of these parameters, even when grouping individuals by period of cell phone use in years or by monthly average calls in minutes. Conclusion and Impact: We provide molecular evidence that the exposure of parotid glands to cell phone use does not alter parotid salivary flow, protein concentration, or levels of proteins of genes that are directly or indirectly affected by heat-induced cellular stress. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: de Souza et al. 2016 (IEEE #6296): BACKGROUND: There is controversy on the effects of the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cell phone use alters cytokine expression in the saliva produced by the parotid glands. METHODS: Cytokine expression profile was determined by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self-reported cell phone use and laterality. RESULTS: The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, interleukin 1 ² (IL-1 ²), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon ³ (IFN-³), and tumor necrosis factor ± (TNF-±) salivary levels by ELISA. After multiple testing correction, decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1² salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (P < 0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL-10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids (P = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes. CONCLUSION: The exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL-10 and IL-1² levels, consistent with a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that may be related to heat production. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: de Siqueira et al. 2016 (IEEE #6624): BACKGROUND: Prior epidemiological studies had examined the association between cell phone use and the development of tumors in the parotid glands. However there is no consensus about the question of whether cell phone use is associated with increased risk of tumors in the parotid glands. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the existing literature about the mean question and to determine their statistical significance. METHODS: Primary association studies. Papers that associated cell phone use and parotid gland tumors development were included, with no restrictions regarding publication date, language and place of publication. Systematic literature search using PubMed, Scielo and Embase followed by meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Initial screening included 37 articles and three were included in meta-analysis. Using three independent samples including 5087 subjects from retrospective case-control studies, cell phone use seems to be associated with greater odds (1.28, 95%- confidence interval 1.09 - 1.51) to develop salivary gland tumor. Results should be read with caution due to the limited number of studies available and their retrospective design.
Findings		Effects
Status		Completed With Publication
Principal Investigator		Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais
Funding Agency		?????
Country		BRAZIL
References		de Souza, FT et al. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention., (2014) 23:1428-1431 Siqueira, EC et al. J Oral Pathol Med., (2016) 45:682-686 de Siqueira, EC et al. J Oral Pathol Med., (2017) 46:480-483
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