ID Number		2314
Study Type		In Vivo
Model		In vivo studies of testes, oxidative stress, learning and memory and pathological changes in rats exposed at mobile phone frequencies. (Iran)
Details		AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Jelodar et al. 2013 IEEE #5321): Radio frequency wave (RFW) generated by base transceiver station (BTS) has been reported to make deleterious effects on reproduction, possibly through oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of RFW generated by BTS on oxidative stress in testis and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups and treated daily for 45 days as follows: sham, sham+vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg of body weight/day by gavage), RFW (exposed to 900 MHz RFW) 'sham' and 'RFW' animals were given the vehicle, i.e., distilled water and the RFW+vitamin C group (received vitamin C in addition to exposure to RFW). At the end of the experiment, all the rats were sacrificed and their testes were removed and used for measurement of antioxidant enzymes and MDA activity. The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). In the treated group, vitamin C improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced MDA compared with the test group (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in testis and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Jelodar et al. 2013 (IEEE #5322): PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency wave (RFW)-induced oxidative stress in the eye and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C on this organ by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity including: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups and treated daily for 45 days as follows: Control, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg of body weight/day by gavage), test (exposed to 900 MHz RFW) and the treated group (received vitamin C in addition to exposure to RFW). At the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed, their eyes were removed and were used for measurement of antioxidant enzymes and MDA activity. RESULTS: The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (P < 0.05). In the treated group vitamin C improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced MDA compared to the test group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in the eyes and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Sepehrimanesh et al. 2013 (IEEE #5417): The aim of this study was to determine a possible relationship between whole-body 900-MHz Global System for Mobile Communication-like electromagnetic field (GSM-EMF) exposure and pathological changes in vital organs of SpragueDawley rats. Twenty adult male rats were used in four equal independent groupscontrol (without EMF) and low-, moderate-, and high-exposure groupsaccording to the time of exposure to EMF (1, 2, and 4 h). The exposure was performed for 30 consecutive days. Tissue samples of the heart, liver, and left kidney were collected and fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for histopathological examination. Some pathological lesions, especially in the kidney (congestion and inflammation) were seen. Our results demonstrate that the use of GSM-like EMF at these intensities and duration can induce pathological lesions in the heart, liver, or kidney, but these are not EMF specific. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Sepehrimanesh et al. 2013 (IEEE #5424): This work analyzes the effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on the reproductive system of male rats, assessed by measuring circulating levels of FSH, LH, inhibin B, activin B, prolactin, and testosterone. Twenty adult male SpragueDawley rats (180 ± 10 g) were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF in four equal separated groups. The duration of exposure was 1, 2, and 4 h/day over a period of 30 days and sham-exposed animals were kept under the same environmental conditions as the exposed group except with no RF-EMF exposure. Before the exposure, at 15 and 30 days of exposure, determination of the abovementioned hormone levels was performed using ELISA. At the end of the experiment, FSH and LH values of the long time exposure (LTE) group were significantly higher than the sham-exposed group (p < 0.05). Serum activin B and prolactin in the LTE group showed significant increase and inhibin B showed significant decrease than sham and short time exposed (STE) groups after 30 days RF-EMF exposure (p < 0.05). Also, a significant decrease in serum testosterone levels in the LTE group was found compared to short and moderate time exposed (MTE) groups after 30 days RF-EMF exposure (p < 0.05). Results suggest that reproductive hormone levels are disturbed as a result of RF-EMF exposure and it may possibly affect reproductive functions. However, testosterone and inhibin B concentrations as a fertility marker and spermatogenesis were decreased significantly. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Akbari et al. 2014 (IEEE #5484): Background: Radio frequency wave (RFW) generated by base transceiver station (BTS) has been reported to make deleterious effects on liver and kidney, possibly through oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency wave (RFW)-induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C on this organs by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity including: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups and treated daily for 45 days as follows: control, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg of body weight/day by gavage), test (exposed to 900MHz RFW) and the treated group (received vitamin C in addition to exposure to RFW). At the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed and their liver and kidney were removed and were used for measurement of antioxidant enzymes and MDA activity. Results: The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (p<0.05). In the treated group vitamin C improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced MDA compared to the test group (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in liver and kidney, and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Akbari et al. 2014 (IEEE #5485): Radio frequency wave (RFW) generated by base transceiver station (BTS) has been reported to produce deleterious effects on central nervous system (CNS) function, possibly through oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of RFW-induced oxidative stress in the Cerebellum and Encephalon and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C on theses tissues by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity including: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA).Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. The control group; the control-vitamin C group received L-ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg of BW/day by gavage) for 45 days. The RFW group was exposed to RFW and the RFW+ vitamin C group was exposed to RFW and received vitamin C. At the end of the experiment all groups were killed and encephalon and cerebellum of all rats were removed and stored at -70°C for measurement of antioxidant enzymes activity and MDA. The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (P<0.05). The protective role of vitamin C in the treated group improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced MDA compared to the test group (P<0.05). It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in the brain and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Jelodar et al. 2014 (IEEE #5552): Background: Radiofrequency waves (RFW) of electronic devices and wireless communication systems affect biological systems by changing free radicals, increase lipid peroxidation and changes of antioxidant activity thereby leading to oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the RFW-induced oxidative stress in the erythrocytes and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C on these cells by measuring antioxidant enzymes activity including: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups and treated daily (4 h/day) for 45 days as follows: sham, sham+vitamin C (200 mg/kg/day by nasogastric tube), RFW (exposed to 900 MHz RFW) and RFW+ vitamin C group (received vitamin C in addition to exposure to RFW). At the end of the experiment blood sample was collected by heart puncture for measurement of antioxidant enzymes activity and MDA level. Results: The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (p<0.05). In the treated group vitamin C improved antioxidant enzymes activity and improved MDA level compared to the test group (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in erythrocytes, and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Akbari et al. 2014 (IEEE #5727): Radio frequency wave (RFW) generated by base transceiver station has been reported to produce deleterious effects on the central nervous system function, possibly through oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of RFW-induced oxidative stress in the cerebellum and encephalon and the prophylactic effect of vitamin C on theses tissues by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity, including: glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. The control group; the control-vitamin C group received L-ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg of body weight/day by gavage) for 45 days. The RFW group was exposed to RFW and the RFW+ vitamin C group was exposed to RFW and received vitamin C. At the end of the experiment, all groups were killed and encephalon and cerebellum of all rats were removed and stored at 70 °C for measurement of antioxidant enzymes activity and MDA. The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). The protective role of vitamin C in the treated group improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced MDA compared with the test group (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in the brain and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Sepehrimanesh et al. 2014 (IEEE #5869): The use of electromagnetic field (EMF) generating apparatuses such as cell phones is increasing, and has caused an interest in the investigations of its effects on human health. We analyzed proteome in preparations from the whole testis in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to 900 MHz EMF radiation for 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 30 consecutive days, simulating a range of possible human cell phone use. Subjects were sacrificed immediately after the end of the experiment and testes fractions were solubilized and separated via high-resolution 2D electrophoresis, and gel patterns were scanned, digitized, and processed. Thirteen proteins, which were found only in sham or in exposure groups, were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Among them, heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-1, and other proteins related to misfolding of proteins and/or stress were identified. These results demonstrate significant effects of radio frequency modulated EMFs exposure on proteome, particularly in protein species in the rodent testis, and suggest that a 30-day exposure to EMF radiation induces nonthermal stress in testicular tissue. The functional implication of the identified proteins was discussed. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT; Azimzadeh and Jelodar 2019 (IEEE #7300):The aim of this investigation was to evaluate changes in testosterone and some of the functional and regulatory molecules of testis such as P450scc, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), tumour necrosis factor± (TNF±), interleukin1± (IL1±), interleukin1² (IL1²) and nerve growth factor (NGF) following exposure to 900 MHz radio frequency (RF). Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats (190 ± 20 g BW) were randomly classified in three equal groups, control (sham, without any exposure), shorttime exposure (2 hr) (STE) and longtime exposure (4 hr) (LTE). The exposure was performed for 30 consecutive days. The testosterone level in both exposed groups was significantly less than control (p < .05). Level of TNF± in both exposed groups was significantly greater than control (p < .05). IL1± and NGF levels in LTE were significantly higher than the STE and control groups (p < .05). Level of IL1² in LTE was significantly higher than control (p < .05). Expression of both P450scc and StAR mRNA was significantly downregulated in both exposed groups compared to control (p < .05). Our results showed that RFW can affect testis and reproductive function through changes in factors, which are important during steroidogenesis, and also through changes in inflammatory factors, which regulate Leydig cell functions.
Findings		Effects
Status		Completed With Publication
Principal Investigator		Shiraz U, Shiraz, Iran
Funding Agency		?????
Country		IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
References		Jelodar, G et al. Electromagn Biol Med., (2013) 32:409-416 Jelodar, G et al. Int J Radiat Biol., (2013) 89:128-131 Sepehrimanesh, M et al. Comparative Clinical Pathology., (2014) 23:1629-1631 Sepehrimanesh , M et al. International Journal of Biometeorology., (2014) 58:1657-1663 Akbari , A et al. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences., (2014) 16:19-23 Akbari , A et al. Toxicol Mech Methods., (2014) 24:347-352 Jelodar, GA et al. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences., (2014) 16:46-50 Akbari, A et al. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods., (2014) 24:347-352 Sepehrimanesh, M et al. ELECTROPHORESIS. , (2014) 35:3331-3338 Mokarram, P et al. J Biomed Phys Eng., (2017) 7(1):79-86 Azimzadeh, M et al. Andrologia., (2019) :e13372-(7 pages) Azimzadeh, M et al. Toxicol Ind Health., (2020) 36:93-98 Azimzadeh, M et al. , (2020) 104:1568-1574 Sepehrimanesh, M et al. Comp Clin Pathol., (2017) 26:309-313 Jelodar, G et al. Toxicology and Industrial Health., (2021) 37:496-503
Comments		The aim of this investigation was to evaluate changes in testosterone and some of the functional and regulatory molecules of testis such as P450scc, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), tumour necrosis factor± (TNF±), interleukin1± (IL1±), interleukin1² (IL1²) and nerve growth factor (NGF) following exposure to 900 MHz radio frequency (RF). Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats (190 ± 20 g BW) were randomly classified in three equal groups, control (sham, without any exposure), shorttime exposure (2 hr) (STE) and longtime exposure (4 hr) (LTE). The exposure was performed for 30 consecutive days. The testosterone level in both exposed groups was significantly less than control (p < .05). Level of TNF± in both exposed groups was significantly greater than control (p < .05). IL1± and NGF levels in LTE were significantly higher than the STE and control groups (p < .05). Level of IL1² in LTE was significantly higher than control (p < .05). Expression of both P450scc and StAR mRNA was significantly downregulated in both exposed groups compared to control (p < .05). Our results showed that RFW can affect testis and reproductive function through changes in factors, which are important during steroidogenesis, and also through changes in inflammatory factors, which regulate Leydig cell functions.