ID Number		1549
Study Type		Engineering & Physics
Model		Computational Dosimetry & Experimental Models of Humans. (catch all).
Details		Computational Dosimetry & Experimental Models of Humans (catch all) - SIGNIFICANT STUDIES: Dimbylow et al: Numerical (FDTD) SAR calculations were performed using an adult head and eye models and frequencies of common 900 & 1800 MHz (GSM) and 400 MHz (Tetra) mobile phones. For 900 and 1800 MHz (GSM) phones, ICNIRP compliance standards for peak local exposure were not exceeded in the head. For Tetra, SAR was determined to be within ICNIRP compliance for a representative handset operating at a maximal power output of 1 watt at positions both in front of the face and at both sides of the head. For a hypothetical 3 watt handset (no 3 watt handsets currently available as a product, but the Tetra spec allows for handsets to transmit at up to 3 watts) with a helical antenna (the same is not true for a monopole antenna), the ICNIRP public exposure limit can be exceeded by 50% if held in the position of maximal SAR and constantly transmitting at full output power for 6 minutes continuously. In the 2002 study, more detailed numerical (FDTD) SAR calculations were performed using an adult as well as 10-, 5- and 1-year-old children models and frequencies from 10 MHz to 3 GHz. From SAR calculations, corresponding external fields were identified that would produce a whole-body average of 0.4W/kg (NRPB guidelines and ICNIRP occupational guidelines) and 0.08 W/kg (ICNIRP public-exposure guidelines). Calculations revealed that at 2 - 3 GHz, the 0.08 W/kg SAR threshold is exceeded at the external field limit outlined in the current ICNIRP and IEEE C95.1 (1997) guidelines  suggesting the current limits basically do not accommodate the current 50x safety factor modeled into the public safety exposure limits. In addition, ankle currents were modeled under grounded conditions and calculations suggested that at the resonant frequency in adults (10 MHz), localized SAR exposure (over 10 grams) as outlined in the ICNIRP guidelines could be exceeded. The author suggests that a secondary reference level for limb current would be necessary at that frequency to comply with the existing threshold limit. In a 2007 paper, the authors report on various errors associated with standard finite models to simulate SAR in human phantoms. Cardis et al (2008): In a study of the SAR distribution pattern measured experimentally within phantom head models from 110 different mobile phone models, the authors report SAR distributions are similar. Phone model and antenna type do not seem to affect the patern significantly. The difference between measurement in the "touch" vs. "tilt" position also did not seem to change the SAR distribution that much, except for Japanese 1500 MHz PDC phones. Most of the energy is absorbed in the temporal area of the head and temporal lobe of the brain, although some significant absorbtion occurs in the occupital, frontal, and cerebellum. At a depth of ~8 cm, however, the relative SAR was ~1% or less. The penetration of 900 MHz was slightly deeper than with 1500 MHz PDC, 1800 Mhz GSM, or 2 GHz UMTS, but significant SAR never penetrated more than 2-3 cm within the brain tissue Martinez-Burdalo et al: Numerical (FDTD) calculations were performed in a scaled human head model with exposure from 900 and 1800 MHz (GSM) mobile phones. Peak SAR (over 1 gram / IEEE as well as over 10 grams / ICNIRP) peak decrease from the compliance limit as the head size increases, while decreasing head size increases energy absorbed in the brain. The authors conclude that childrens brains can be expected to receive higher peak SAR values on average than adult brains with similar mobile phone use / exposure. Similar distributions exist with eye size. However, the standard limits were only exceeded in the unpractical situation where the antenna was located at a very short distance in front of the eye. In a related study, the authors looked at whether exposure of workers in the near-field region of a hypothetical 30 watt base station antenna (operating at either 900, 1800, and 2170 MHz) could exceed occupational exposure limits in terms of SAR even if the basic restrictions in terms of field strength were met. The authors report safe distances for general public exposure limits (per ICNIRP and IEEE C95.1 standards) were approximately 5 to 11 wavelengths away depending upon the antenna and the frequency. For occupational exposures these distances were between 0.5 to 2 wavelengths. However, SAR limits could be exceeded in some cases at these distances. In a subsequent study the authors looked at typical exposure use cases from WiFi (laptop) and Bluetooth devices and reported no levels that were in excess of the ICNIRP limits. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Angelone, Bit-Babik and Chou (2010):An electromagnetic analysis of a human head with EEG electrodes and leads exposed to RF-field sources was performed by means of Finite-Difference Time-Domain simulations on a 1-mm(3) MRI-based human head model. RF-field source models included a half-wave dipole, a patch antenna, and a realistic CAD-based mobile phone at 915 MHz and 1748 MHz. EEG electrodes/leads models included two configurations of EEG leads, both a standard 10-20 montage with 19 electrodes and a 32-electrode cap, and metallic and high resistive leads. Whole-head and peak 10-g average SAR showed less than 20% changes with and without leads. Peak 1-g and 10-g average SARs were below the ICNIRP and IEEE guideline limits. Conversely, a comprehensive volumetric assessment of changes in the RF field with and without metallic EEG leads showed an increase of two orders of magnitude in single-voxel power absorption in the epidermis and a 40-fold increase in the brain during exposure to the 915 MHz mobile phone. Results varied with the geometry and conductivity of EEG electrodes/leads. This enhancement confirms the validity of the question whether any observed effects in studies involving EEG recordings during RF-field exposure are directly related to the RF fields generated by the source or indirectly to the RF-field-induced currents due to the presence of conductive EEG leads. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Hirata and Fujiwara (2010): The present study investigates the relationship between the mass-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature elevation in anatomically based Japanese head models due to the dipole antenna. The frequency region considered is from 1 to 6 GHz. Our attention is focused on the averaging mass of SAR, which maximizes the correlation with local temperature elevation. An averaged SAR over 10 g was found to reasonably correlate with local temperature elevation even for frequencies from 3 to 6 GHz, although the correlation became relatively worse as compared with lower frequencies. The dominant factor influencing the correlation is suggested to be the thermal diffusion length and the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves. The correlation of local temperature elevation to mass-averaged SAR is was influenced by 10% or less due to the pinna, model heterogeneity and the antenna position relative to the head model. AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT: Gasmelseed 2011 (#5091): This article describes the analysis of electromagnetic energy absorption properties of models of the human eye with common visual disorders. The investigation addresses two types of visual disorders, namely hyperopia (or farsightedness) and myopia (or nearsightedness). Calculations were carried out using plane multilayered method with common wireless communication frequencies of 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. The effect of wireless radiation on the eye is studied by calculation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in three different eye models. The results of the simulations confirmed the anticipated and more complex relationship between absorption and structural variations of the eye at these frequencies. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Bakker et al. 2011 #5095): To avoid potentially adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has defined EMF reference levels. Restrictions on induced whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR(wb)) are provided to keep the whole-body temperature increase (T(body, incr)) under 1 °C during 30 min. Additional restrictions on the peak 10 g spatial-averaged SAR (SAR(10g)) are provided to prevent excessive localized tissue heating. The objective of this study is to assess the localized peak temperature increase (T(incr, max)) in children upon exposure at the reference levels. Finite-difference time-domain modeling was used to calculate T(incr, max) in six children and two adults exposed to orthogonal plane-wave configurations. We performed a sensitivity study and Monte Carlo analysis to assess the uncertainty of the results. Considering the uncertainties in the model parameters, we found that a peak temperature increase as high as 1 °C can occur for worst-case scenarios at the ICNIRP reference levels. Since the guidelines are deduced from temperature increase, we used T(incr, max) as being a better metric to prevent excessive localized tissue heating instead of localized peak SAR. However, we note that the exposure time should also be considered in future guidelines. Hence, we advise defining limits on T(incr, max) for specified durations of exposure. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Beard et al. 2006 (IEEE #5105): The specific absorption rates (SAR) determined computationally in the specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and anatomically correct models of the human head when exposed to a mobile phone model are compared as part of a study organized by IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 34, Sub-Committee 2, and Working Group 2, and carried out by an international task force comprising 14 government, academic, and industrial research institutions. The detailed study protocol defined the computational head and mobile phone models. The participants used different finite-difference time-domain software and independently positioned the mobile phone and head models in accordance with the protocol. The results show that when the pinna SAR is calculated separately from the head SAR, SAM produced a higher SAR in the head than the anatomically correct head models. Also the larger (adult) head produced a statistically significant higher peak SAR for both the 1- and 10-g averages than did the smaller (child) head for all conditions of frequency and position. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Hadjem et al. 2010 (IEEE #5106): This paper deals with the influence of new uses of mobile phones (such as short message service, multimedia messaging service, video, etc.) on the SAR induced in different heads models. In particular, the exposure of children will be analyzed. For this reason, three heterogeneous models have been used in this study, two children head models (9 and 15 years old) and one adult head model (visible human). The specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) homogeneous head model has been also used to compare all the results and to confirm that the SAM model always overestimates adult and child head exposure. Two handset models have been used: the first model is a triband mobile phone having a patch antenna and the second model is a generic model (known as IEEE mobile phone) having a monopole antenna inside a metal box covered by plastic. A comparison on SAR between adult and child head is given using the finite-difference time-domain method. The results of new positions are comparedwith respect to the results obtained with the voice position. These studies have been performed at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz for the triband mobile phone and at 835, 1900, and 2100 MHz for the IEEE mobile phone. The comparison of the maximum SAR over 10 g between the different heads models (9 and 15 year olds and adult) shows that results were nearly similar. It was also pointed out that the value of the maximum local peak SAR in the SAM was always higher than in the adult and children models. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Davis and Balzano 2009 (IEEE #4544): This paper describes the results of an international intercomparison of specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements made with actual wireless telephones, following a similar program involving standard dipole antennas and flat phantoms. This study involved 17 laboratories in 11 different countries. All the participating laboratories supplied their data to the University of Maryland. The test of the reliability of dosimetric assessments involved an intercomparison of SAR measurements made in a head phantom filled with simulant fluid. These measurements are made using small electric field probes placed in the head phantoms. Two different wireless phones, a Motorola Model V290 and a Nokia Model 6310, were circulated to each participating laboratory, which provided its own electric field probes, head phantom, base station emulator to activate the phones, scanning system, and a simulant fluid prepared to a required prescription. The measurement technique to be followed was guided by the specifications given in the IEEE 1528 Compliance Standard. At the conclusion of each laboratorys measurements, its results were communicated to the coordinators including 1 and 10 g maximum SARs for each phone at both 900 and 1800 MHz, and for the left and right cheeks, and left and right tilt positions relative to the phantom. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Simba et al. 2009 (IEEE #4547): This paper presents a detailed numerical investigation to determine whether or not an increased specific absorption rate (SAR) in an adult using a mobile phone inside an elevator due to the multireflections of electromagnetic fields from the walls exceed the RF-exposure guidelines. A fully realistic heterogeneous human body model and an actual elevator size were employed. The nonuniform mesh finite-difference time-domain technique and a supercomputer were employed to obtain the SAR and other important parameters. The mobile phone was modeled as a lamda/2 dipole antenna placed at a distance of 16 mm from the head. For computations, operating frequencies of 900, 1500, and 2000 MHz with transmitting power of 250 mW were used. Computed results show that the peak spatial-average 10-g SAR depends on the position of the passenger and the antenna against the elevator walls. We observed a substantial increase in the whole-body average SAR and peak 10-g SAR values of the passenger in the elevator over their respective free-space values. However, the maximum values obtained do meet the basic restrictions described in the international RF safety guidelines. For example, the maximum values of the whole-body average and peak spatial-average SAR were 4.4% and 78% of the international RF safety guideline, respectively. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Lu and Ueno (2012)[IEEE #5146]: The steady increase of mobile phone usage, especially mobile phones by children, has led to a rising concern about the possible adverse health effects of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure. The objective of this work is to study whether there is a larger radio frequency energy absorption in the brain of a child compared to that of an adult. For this reason, three high-resolution models, two child head models (6 - and 11-year old) and one adult head model (34-year old) have been used in the study. A finite-difference time-domain method was employed to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the models from exposure to a generic handset at 1750 MHz. The results show that the SAR distributions in the human brain are age-dependent, and there is a deeper penetration of the absorbed SAR in the childs brain. The induced SAR can be significantly higher in subregions of the childs brain. In all of the examined cases, the SAR values in the brains of a child and an adult are well below the IEEE safety standard. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Asmae and Homayoon 2012 (IEEE #5156): This paper describes the various aspects of biological effects of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the human body. Specific Absorption Rate in human model by the IEC62209-1 standard is simulated and evaluated. Also the effect of change in physical parameter on Specific Absorption Rate is simulated and compared by IEC standard model. High Frequency Field Simulation Structure software has been used for simulations. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Yu et al. 2012 (IEEE #5172): To investigate the influence of dentures on electromagnetic energy absorption during the daily use of a mobile phone, a high-resolution head phantom based on the Visible Chinese Human dataset was reconstructed. Simulations on phantoms with various dentures were performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method with a 0.47 wavelength dipole antenna and a mobile phone model as radiation sources at 900 and 1800 MHz. The Specific energy Absorption Rate (SAR) values including 1 and 10 g average SAR values were assessed. When the metallic dental crowns with resonance lengths of approximately one-third to one-half wavelength in the tissue nearby are parallel to the radiation source, up to 121.6% relative enhancement for 1 g average SAR and 17.1% relative enhancement for 10 g average SAR are observed due to the resonance effect in energy absorption. When the radiation sources operate in the normal configuration, the 10 g average SAR values are still in compliance with the basic restrictions established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), indicating that the safety limits will not be challenged by the usage of dentures. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Bamba et al. 2013 (IEEE #5263): Experimentally assessing the whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR(wb) ) in a complex indoor environment is very challenging. An experimental method based on room electromagnetics theory (accounting only the line-of-sight as specular path) is validated using numerical simulations with the finite-difference time-domain method. Furthermore, the method accounts for diffuse multipath components (DMC) in the total absorption rate by considering the reverberation time of the investigated room, which describes all the losses in a complex indoor environment. The advantage of the proposed method is that it allows discarding the computational burden because it does not use any discretizations. Results show good agreement between measurement and computation at 2.8 GHz, as long as the plane wave assumption is valid, that is, at large distances from the transmitter. Relative deviations of 0.71% and 4% have been obtained for far-field scenarios, and 77.5% for the near field-scenario. The contribution of the DMC in the total absorption rate is also quantified here, which has never been investigated before. It is found that the DMC may represent an important part of the total absorption rate; its contribution may reach up to 90% for certain scenarios in an indoor environment. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Karampatzakis and Samaras 2013 (IEEE #5266): Human exposure to millimeter wave (MMW) radiation is expected to increase in the next several years. In this work, we present a thermal model of the human eye under MMW illumination. The model takes into account the fluid dynamics of the aqueous humor and predicts a frequency-dependent reversal of its flow that also depends on the incident power density. The calculated maximum fluid velocity in the anterior chamber and the temperature rise at the corneal apex are reported for frequencies from 40 to 100 GHz and different values of incident power density. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Vermeeren et al. 2013 (IEEE #5268): Assessing the whole-body absorption in a human in a realistic environment requires a statistical approach covering all possible exposure situations. This article describes the development of a statistical multi-path exposure method for heterogeneous realistic human body models. The method is applied for the 6-year-old Virtual Family boy (VFB) exposed to the GSM downlink at 950 MHz. It is shown that the whole-body SAR does not differ significantly over the different environments at an operating frequency of 950 MHz. Furthermore, the whole-body SAR in the VFB for multi-path exposure exceeds the whole-body SAR for worst-case single-incident plane wave exposure by 3.6%. Moreover, the ICNIRP reference levels are not conservative with the basic restrictions in 0.3% of the exposure samples for the VFB at the GSM downlink of 950 MHz. The homogeneous spheroid with the dielectric properties of the head suggested by the IEC underestimates the absorption compared to realistic human body models. Moreover, the variation in the whole-body SAR for realistic human body models is larger than for homogeneous spheroid models. This is mainly due to the heterogeneity of the tissues and the irregular shape of the realistic human body model compared to homogeneous spheroid human body models. AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT: Kuhn 2013 (IEEE #5275): Mobile phones present the strongest source of radiofrequency electromagnetic held exposure to the human head. Mobile phones are routinely assessed with respect to safety by specific absorption rate measurements at maximum output power. The difference of the exposure due to power control during normal usage was evaluated. A mobile measurement system to assess the effect of the power control in real networks was developed. It presents a realistic load to the phone and is able to measure the output power and band synchronously for the GSM900, DCS1800, and UMTS1950 bands. The system has a dynamic range of 60 dB and a measurement uncertainty of <;1 dB for GSM and <;1.5 dB for UMTS. Using the system, three mobile phones were evaluated in the three Swiss networks in urban and rural areas. The phones were tested in dual system (GSM and UMTS) and GSM only modes. The results show a small change of the mean output power in GSM mode (from -2 to -10 dB) compared to 30-dB power control dynamic range. The mean output power in UMTS was a factor >100 lower than GSM. In urban areas, UMTS was generally available and preferably used by the phones with rare fall backs to GSM. In the suburban/rural area, UMTS was hardly available or used by the phones. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Thielens et al. 2013 (IEEE #5292): The organ-specific averaged specific absorption rate (SARosa ) in a heterogeneous human body phantom, the Virtual Family Boy, is determined for the first time in five realistic electromagnetic environments at the Global System for Mobile Communications downlink frequency of 950 MHz. We propose two methods based upon a fixed set of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations for generating cumulative distribution functions for the SARosa in a certain environment: an accurate vectorial cell-wise spline interpolation with an average error lower than 1.8%, and a faster scalar linear interpolation with a maximal average error of 14.3%. These errors are dependent on the angular steps chosen for the FDTD simulations. However, it is demonstrated that both methods provide the same shape of the cumulative distribution function for the studied organs in the considered environments. The SARosa depends on the considered organ and the environment. Two factors influencing the SARosa are investigated for the first time: conductivity over the density ratio of an organ, and the distance of the organ's center of gravity to the body's surface and exterior of the phantom. A non-linear regression with our model provides a correlation of 0.80. The SARosa due to single plane-wave exposure is also investigated; a worst-case single plane-wave exposure is determined for all studied organs and has been compared with realistic SARosa values. There is no fixed worst-case polarization for all organs, and a single plane-wave exposure condition that exceeds 91% of the SARosa values in a certain environment can always be found for the studied organs. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Fiocchi et al. (IEEE #5304): The spread of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices in ubiquitous applications without their simultaneous exposure assessment could give rise to public concerns about their potential adverse health effects. Among the various RFID system categories, the ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID systems have recently started to be widely used in many applications. This study addresses a computational exposure assessment of the electromagnetic radiation generated by a realistic UHF RFID reader, quantifying the exposure levels in different exposure scenarios and subjects (two adults, four children, and two anatomical models of women 7 and 9 months pregnant). The results of the computations are presented in terms of the whole-body and peak spatial specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged over 10 g of tissue to allow comparison with the basic restrictions of the exposure guidelines. The SAR levels in the adults and children were below 0.02 and 0.8 W/kg in whole-body SAR and maximum peak SAR levels, respectively, for all tested positions of the antenna. On the contrary, exposure of pregnant women and fetuses resulted in maximum peak SAR10 g values close to the values suggested by the guidelines (2 W/kg) in some of the exposure scenarios with the antenna positioned in front of the abdomen and with a 100% duty cycle and 1 W radiated power. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Zhao et al. 2013 (IEEE #5305): This paper mainly focuses on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the dual-element LTE MIMO antenna in mobile phones. Four designs of dual-element MIMO antenna (namely, dual semi-ground-free planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), co-located antenna, dual OG PIFA in parallel position, and dual OG PIFA in orthogonal position) are studied under four typical LTE frequency points (0.75, 0.85, 1.9, and 2.1/2.6 GHz) when the ground plane length varies from 90 to 150 mm. The SAR, when dual elements operate simultaneously, is also studied through the SAR to PEAK location spacing ratio (SPLSR) according to the FCC standard. The simulations are carried out on both an SAM head phantom and a flat phantom by CST 2011, and measurements on the flat phantom are made with iSAR and DASY4 to verify the accuracy of our simulations. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Mat et al. 2013 (IEEE 5362): The relationship between specific absorption rate (SAR) and antenna gain inside the head due to the metal-frame spectacles was investigated. The radio frequency (RF) energy source considered is the smartphone used in the frontal face. A computer simulation using CST Microwave Studio 2012 was used for the investigation. Two sets of dipole antennas operated at 900MHz and 1800MHz for GSM applications, were used as representative radiation sources from a mobile phone. Parametric studies were conducted to determine the optimum length of the metal rod, and the length was used to study the possibility of RF irradiation of the metal spectacles model. Then, the spectacles model was used as an analysis tool to study the interaction between gain and SAR in the head. The radiation pattern was plotted to identify the causes of the interactions. The gain decreased when the energy source was very close to the spectacles and SAR increased enormously. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Joseph et al. 2012 (IEEE #5378): In five countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, and the Netherlands), personal radio frequency electromagnetic field measurements were performed in different microenvironments such as homes, public transports, or outdoors using the same exposure meters. From the mean personal field exposure levels (excluding mobile phone exposure), whole-body absorption values in a 1-year-old child and adult male model were calculated using a statistical multipath exposure method and compared for the five countries. All mean absorptions (maximal total absorption of 3.4 µW/kg for the child and 1.8 µW/kg for the adult) were well below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) basic restriction of 0.08 W/kg for the general public. Generally, incident field exposure levels were well correlated with whole-body absorptions (SAR(wb) ), although the type of microenvironment, frequency of the signals, and dimensions of the considered phantom modify the relationship between these exposure measures. Exposure to the television and Digital Audio Broadcasting band caused relatively higher SAR(wb) values (up to 65%) for the 1-year-old child than signals at higher frequencies due to the body size-dependent absorption rates. Frequency Modulation (FM) caused relatively higher absorptions (up to 80%) in the adult male. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Kibona et al. 2013 (IEEE #5403): Tanzania telecommunication sector has witnessed fast growth in the number of mobile telephone users now served by seven cellular operators. Until February 2012, there were about 26 million mobile phone subscribers served by more than 4,000 base stations spread all over the country. Despite the many advantages brought by these systems, there is increased public concern over possible adverse health effects due to electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiated by these equipments. This paper aimed to analyze the impact of the electromagnetic radiations from cellular phones to male sperm infertility. The cellular phones with operating frequency of 900MHz and operating frequency 1800MHz were placed at a certain distance near the male reproductive organ (testis) and then electromagnetic wave radiated by the phone were analyzed by measuring the SAR of the testis. It was concluded that there is significant impact on the male sperm fertility on the exposure of the male reproductive organ to the radiations from the cellular phones at the specified operating frequencies near the testis. Several recommendations has been provided, that radiating devices should not be placed on the male pocket trouser for storage and also making calls while the cell phone is in pocket trouser (ie using headphones to receive or make a call) should be completely avoided. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Pelts et al. 2014 (IEEE #5547): In this paper, for the first time a heuristic network calculator for both whole-body exposure due to indoor base station antennas or access points (downlink exposure) and localised exposure due to the mobile device (uplink exposure) in indoor wireless networks is presented. As an application, three phone call scenarios are investigated (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) macrocell, UMTS femtocell and WiFi voice-over-IP) and compared with respect to the electric-field strength and localised specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution. Prediction models are created and successfully validated with an accuracy of 3 dB. The benefits of the UMTS power control mechanisms are demonstrated. However, dependent on the macrocell connection quality and on the user's average phone call connection time, also the macrocell solution might be preferential from an exposure point of view for the considered scenario. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Valic et al. 2014 (IEEE #5555): A survey study with portable exposimeters, worn by 21 children under the age of 17, and detailed measurements in an apartment above a transformer substation were carried out to determine the typical individual exposure of children to extremely low- and radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. In total, portable exposimeters were worn for >2400 h. Based on the typical individual exposure the in situ electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated for an 11-y-old female human model. The average exposure was determined to be low compared with ICNIRP reference levels: 0.29 ¼T for an extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field and 0.09 V m1 for GSM base stations, 0.11 V m1 for DECT and 0.10 V m1 for WiFi; other contributions could be neglected. However, some of the volunteers were more exposed: the highest realistic exposure, to which children could be exposed for a prolonged period of time, was 1.35 ¼T for ELF magnetic field
Findings
Status		Completed With Publication
Principal Investigator
Funding Agency		?????
Country		UNITED STATES
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Comments		AUTHORS' ABSTRACTS CONTINUED: AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT: Keshvari et al. 2016 (IEEE #6381): This paper presents the results of two computational large scale studies using highly realistic exposure scenarios, MRI based human head and hand models, and two mobile phone models. The objectives are (i) to study the relevance of age when people are exposed to RF by comparing adult and child heads and (ii) to analyze and discuss the conservativeness of the SAM phantom for all age groups. Representative use conditions were simulated using detailed CAD models of two mobile phones operating between 900 MHz and 1950 MHz including configurations with the hand holding the phone, which were not considered in most previous studies. The peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (psSAR) in the head and the pinna tissues is assessed using anatomically accurate head and hand models. The first of the two mentioned studies involved nine head-, four hand- and two phone-models, the second study included six head-, four hand- and three simplified phone-models (over 400 configurations in total). In addition, both studies also evaluated the exposure using the SAM phantom. Results show no systematic differences between psSAR induced in the adult and child heads. The exposure level and its variation for different age groups may be different for particular phones, but no correlation between psSAR and model age was found. The psSAR from all exposure conditions was compared to the corresponding configurations using SAM, which was found to be conservative in the large majority of cases. AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT: Liorni et al.2016 (IEEE #6385): So far, the assessment of the exposure of children, in the ages 0-2 years old, to relatively new radio-frequency (RF) technologies, such as tablets and femtocells, remains an open issue. This study aims to analyse the exposure of a one year-old child to these two sources, tablets and femtocells, operating in uplink (tablet) and downlink (femtocell) modes, respectively. In detail, a realistic model of an infant has been used to model separately the exposures due to (i) a 3G tablet emitting at the frequency of 1940 MHz (uplink mode) placed close to the body and (ii) a 3G femtocell emitting at 2100 MHz (downlink mode) placed at a distance of at least 1 m from the infant body. For both RF sources, the input power was set to 250 mW. The variability of the exposure due to the variation of the position of the RF sources with respect to the infant body has been studied by stochastic dosimetry, based on polynomial chaos to build surrogate models of both whole-body and tissue specific absorption rate (SAR), which makes it easy and quick to investigate the exposure in a full range of possible positions of the sources. The major outcomes of the study are: (1) the maximum values of the whole-body SAR (WB SAR) have been found to be 9.5 mW kg(-1) in uplink mode and 65 ¼W kg(-1) in downlink mode, i.e. within the limits of the ICNIRP 1998 Guidelines; (2) in both uplink and downlink mode the highest SAR values were approximately found in the same tissues, i.e. in the skin, eye and penis for the whole-tissue SAR and in the bone, skin and muscle for the peak SAR; (3) the change in the position of both the 3G tablet and the 3G femtocell significantly influences the infant exposure. AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT: Bolte 2016 (IEEE #6433): Personal exposure measurements of radio frequency electromagnetic fields are important for epidemiological studies and developing prediction models. Minimizing biases and uncertainties and handling spatial and temporal variability are important aspects of these measurements. This paper reviews the lessons learnt from testing the different types of exposimeters and from personal exposure measurement surveys performed between 2005 and 2015. Applying them will improve the comparability and ranking of exposure levels for different microenvironments, activities or (groups of) people, such that epidemiological studies are better capable of finding potential weak correlations with health effects. Over 20 papers have been published on how to prevent biases and minimize uncertainties due to: mechanical errors; design of hardware and software filters; anisotropy; and influence of the body. A number of biases can be corrected for by determining multiplicative correction factors. In addition a good protocol on how to wear the exposimeter, a sufficiently small sampling interval and sufficiently long measurement duration will minimize biases. Corrections to biases are possible for: non-detects through detection limit, erroneous manufacturer calibration and temporal drift. Corrections not deemed necessary, because no significant biases have been observed, are: linearity in response and resolution. Corrections difficult to perform after measurements are for: modulation/duty cycle sensitivity; out of band response aka cross talk; temperature and humidity sensitivity. Corrections not possible to perform after measurements are for: multiple signals detection in one band; flatness of response within a frequency band; anisotropy to waves of different elevation angle. An analysis of 20 microenvironmental surveys showed that early studies using exposimeters with logarithmic detectors, overestimated exposure to signals with bursts, such as in uplink signals from mobile phones and WiFi appliances. Further, the possible corrections for biases have not been fully applied. The main findings are that if the biases are not corrected for, the actual exposure will on average be underestimated. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: In this article, the effect of the existence and position of dental implants on antenna parameters, specific absorption rate (SAR), and current density induced by the metal part in the human head is investigated. A SAM phantom, belonging to the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, and a dipole antenna radiating at 900 and 1,800 MHz are used in this investigation. SAR and current density distribution are compared in a head model with different positions of implants In addition, the antennas scattering parameter (S-parameter) differences caused by the implant location are presented. Finally, according to the clinical reports in the literature, some possible explanations are provided about the dysregulation balance and headaches caused by implants. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Imran et al. 2016 (IEEE #6623): In this paper the presented research work analyzes the effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation of mobile phone on human head. The EM radiation is measured based on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The human head is generally exposed to mobile phones operating at communication (GSM, CDMA etc) frequency bands. The radiation absorption analyzed through simulations by applying frequency domain using Comsole Multiphysics software. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured for different positions of mobile phone. SARs exhibited in much lower values as the mobile phone held in far position from human brain. This measurement demonstrates SAR is high at close distance; effectively the temperature increase is also high as the distance reduces. Comparative analysis also shows that FR4 substrate demonstrates higher SAR and temp raise compared to Rogers RO3006 and Rogers RO4003 substrates. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Hashimoto et al. 2017 (IEEE #6678): Incident power density is used as the dosimetric quantity to specify the restrictions on human exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above 3 or 10 GHz in order to prevent excessive temperature elevation at the body surface. However, international standards and guidelines have different definitions for the size of the area over which the power density should be averaged. This study reports computational evaluation of the relationship between the size of the area over which incident power density is averaged and the local peak temperature elevation in a multi-layer model simulating a human body. Three wave sources are considered in the frequency range from 3 to 300 GHz: an ideal beam, a half-wave dipole antenna, and an antenna array. One-dimensional analysis shows that averaging area of 20 mm × 20 mm is a good measure to correlate with the local peak temperature elevation when the field distribution is nearly uniform in that area. The averaging area is different from recommendations in the current international standards/guidelines, and not dependent on the frequency. For a non-uniform field distribution, such as a beam with small diameter, the incident power density should be compensated by multiplying a factor that can be derived from the ratio of the effective beam area to the averaging area. The findings in the present study suggest that the relationship obtained using the one-dimensional approximation is applicable for deriving the relationship between the incident power density and the local temperature elevation. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Masumnia-Bisheh et al. 2017 (IEEE #6687): AbstractIn this paper, the stochastic finite-difference time domain (S-FDTD)method is employed to calculate the standard deviation of specific absorption rate (SAR) in a two-dimensional (2-D) slice of human head. S-FDTD calculates both the mean and standard deviation of SAR caused by variability or uncertainty in the electrical properties of the human head tissues. The accuracy of the S-FDTD result is controlled by the approximations for correlation coefficients between the electrical properties of the tissues and the fields propagating in them. Hence, different approximations for correlation coefficients are tested in order to evaluate their effect on the standard deviation of SAR. The 1-D Monte Carlo correlation coefficient (MC-CC) approximation reported in our previous work is successfully extended to 2-D and also tested for the head model. Then, all the results are compared with that of full-fledged Monte Carlo method (considered as gold standard in statistical simulations). In order to accelerate the simulations, the proposed algorithm is run on graphics processing unit by exploiting OpenACC application program interface. Using different correlation coefficients shows that the extended 2-D MC-CC S-FDTD results are very close to that ofMonte Carlo and yield more accurate results than other approximations in SAR calculations. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Fernandez-Rodriquez and de Salles 2016 (IEEE #6695): Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulation may be used to assess exposure levels, health risk and compliance with recommendations of wireless devices EMF exposure limits. When developing a numerical model of a human head the segmentation system decides the boundary between the modeled tissues. E.g., using different strategies (thresholds or parameters) some tissues may be modeled thinner or thicker. The objective of this work is to investigate the sensitivity of the skull thickness in the SAR. Starting with a single DICOM study, two models differing only in the skull thickness were developed. The bones mass of one of the models were 35% lighter than the other's. Under the same exposure conditions, the 1g-psSAR in the brain of the thin skull model was 5% higher than the 1g-psSAR of the thick skull model. This difference applies to the particular conditions of the performed simulations, then we can conclude that the expected uncertainty related to the skull modelling is of this order of value. We also can expect higher SAR differences corresponding to age related skull thickness differences between children and adults. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Moore et al. 2017 (IEEE #6714): This study considers the computationally determined thermal profile of a finely discretized, heterogeneous human body model, simulating a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) worker wearing protective clothing subject to RF-EMF exposure, and subject to various environmental conditions including high ambient temperature and high humidity, with full thermoregulatory mechanisms in place. How the human body responds in various scenarios was investigated, and the information was used to consider safety limits in current international RF-EMF safety guidelines and standards. It was found that different environmental conditions had minimal impact on the magnitude of the thermal response due to RF-EMF exposure, and that the current safety factor of 10 applied in international RF-EMF safety guidelines and standards for RF-EMF workers is generally conservative, though it is only narrowly so when workers are subjected to the most adverse environmental conditions. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Fiedler et al. 2017 (IEEE #6720): At ultra-high fields, the assessment of radiofrequency (RF) safety presents several new challenges compared to low-field systems. Multi-channel RF transmit coils in combination with parallel transmit techniques produce time-dependent and spatially varying power loss densities in the tissue. Further, in ultra-high-field systems, localized field effects can be more pronounced due to a transition from the quasistationary to the electromagnetic field regime. Consequently, local information on the RF field is required for reliable RF safety assessment as well as for monitoring of RF exposure during MR examinations. Numerical RF and thermal simulations for realistic exposure scenarios with anatomical body models are currently the only practical way to obtain the requisite local information on magnetic and electric field distributions as well as tissue temperature. In this article, safety regulations and the fundamental characteristics of RF field distributions in ultra-high-field systems are reviewed. Numerical methods for computation of RF fields as well as typical requirements for the analysis of realistic multi-channel RF exposure scenarios including anatomical body models are highlighted. In recent years, computation of the local tissue temperature has become of increasing interest, since a more accurate safety assessment is expected because temperature is directly related to tissue damage. Regarding thermal simulation, bio-heat transfer models and approaches for taking into account the physiological response of the human body to RF exposure are discussed. In addition, suitable methods are presented to validate calculated RF and thermal results with measurements. Finally, the concept of generalized simulation-based specific absorption rate (SAR) matrix models is discussed. These models can be incorporated into local SAR monitoring in multi-channel MR systems and allow the design of RF pulses under constraints for local SAR. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Chiaramello et al. 2017 (IEEE #6806): The continuous development of Radio-Frequency (RF) devices used in every-day life highlights the need of conducting appropriate health risk assessment due to Radio- Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) exposure, especially for the fetal exposure in realistic scenarios. In this study, we used stochastic dosimetry, an approach that combines electromagnetic computational techniques and statistics, to assess the fetal exposure to a 4G LTE tablet in realistic scenarios, assessing the influence of the position of the tablet, the gestational age of the fetus and the frequency of the emitting antenna. Results showed that the exposure in terms of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was within the limits of the ICNIRP 1998 general public Guidelines in all the considered scenarios. The position of the tablet was very influential for the induced SAR in the fetus, resulting in Quartile Coefficient of Dispersion always higher than 40%. The level of exposure for the later pregnancy was found to be higher than those for the early pregnancy. As to the effect of the emitting frequency of the tablet, we found that the higher the frequency, the lower the induced SAR in the fetus. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Sasaki et al. 2017 (IEEE #6823): In this study, we present an assessment of human-body exposure to an electromagnetic field at frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to 1 THz. The energy absorption and temperature elevation were assessed by solving boundary value problems of the one-dimensional Maxwell equations and a bioheat equation for a multilayer plane model. Dielectric properties were measured [Formula: see text] at frequencies of up to 1 THz at body temperature. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess variations of the transmittance into a skin surface and temperature elevation inside a body by considering the variation of the tissue thickness due to individual differences among human bodies. Furthermore, the impact of the dielectric properties of adipose tissue on temperature elevation, for which large discrepancies between our present measurement results and those in past works were observed, was also examined. We found that the dielectric properties of adipose tissue do not impact on temperature elevation at frequencies over 30 GHz. The potential risk of skin burn was discussed on the basis of the temperature elevation in millimeter-wave and terahertz-wave exposure. Furthermore, the consistency of the basic restrictions in the international guidelines set by ICNIRP was discussed. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Fernandez et al. 2017 (IEEE #6833): The interaction of body-worn antennas with the human body causes a significant decrease in antenna efficiency and a shift in resonant frequency. A resonant slot in a small conductive box placed on the body has been shown to reduce these effects. The specific absorption rate is less than international health standards for most wearable antennas due to small transmitter power. This paper reports the linear relationship between power absorbed by biological tissues at different locations on the body and radiation efficiency based on numerical modeling (r¼0.99). While the 10 dB bandwidth of the antenna remained constant and equal to 12.5%, the maximum frequency shift occurred when the antenna was close to the elbow (6.61%) and on the thigh (5.86%). The smallest change was found on the torso (4.21%). Participants with body-mass index (BMI) between 17 and 29 kg/m2 took part in experimental measurements, where the maximum frequency shift was 2.51%. Measurements showed better agreement with simulations on the upper arm. These experimental results demonstrate that the BMI for each individual had little effect on the performance of the antenna. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Guraliuc et al. 2017 (IEEE #6876): The development of millimeter-wave (mmW) technologies comes with concerns related to the user exposure. A detailed numerical dosimetry study is performed for a terminal with a 60-GHz antenna module for several representative human body exposure scenarios within 5G small cells. First, numerical considerations are made regarding the user terminal and human body modeling. Then, the user exposure levels in the near field are analyzed for phone call and browsing scenarios. Results show that power absorption is locally distributed on the ear helix and fingertips. Moreover, we demonstrate that the presence of a hand in the phone call scenario increases absorption in the head. The impact of the human body on the antenna performance is also analyzed. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Colombi et al. 2018 (IEEE #6919): In this work, mechanisms of RF energy absorption by body tissue in close proximity to wireless equipment, are studied using numerical simulations at frequencies above 24 GHz. It is shown that at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, of relevance for 5G mobile communications, and for realistic source to body separation distances, the contribution from the reactive near-field to the energy deposition in the tissue is small. Furthermore, the interaction between the source and the exposed body is modest. The results suggest that the effects of the near-field body interactions are small when evaluating electromagnetic field compliance at mmW frequencies. AUTHORS' ABSTRACT: Lan et al. 2018 (IEEE #6932): This paper evaluates the effect of glasses on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and the absorbed power in the human head exposed to microwave from wireless eyewear device at phone call state. Due to the sensitivity of eyes to microwave, this paper mainly concentrates on the SAR and the absorbed power in ocular tissues. The calculated results indicate that wearing glasses can obviously increase the maximal SAR and the absorbed power in ocular tissues. Glasses has almost doubled the maximal SAR in ocular tissues. The absorbed power with glasses is about 3.14.5 times as big as that without glasses. Furthermore, we find that the maximal SAR and absorbed power are sensitive to the width of glass leg and the thickness of spectacle lens, while variation trends with the varying glasses size are quite different. Hypermyopia patient might suffer from higher risk of getting the oculopathy due to the larger SAR caused by the thicker spectacle lens. In conclusion, wearing glasses may pose higher health risk on eyes of wireless eyewear device user. This paper would provide valuable reference data for the future evaluation of microwave biological effect on eyes.